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The Effects of Over-Harvesting on Forest Ecosystems
Over-harvesting means taking more from a forest than it can regrow. Learn how timber, firewood and wild products can overshoot a forest's capacity to recover.
Threats and Recovery
Human Pressures
How overuse and extraction harm forests.
The Effects of Forest Degradation on Local Human Health
How degraded forests can affect nearby people's health through water, air, food, medicines and disease exposure, and why the links are real but vary by place.
The Effects of Over-Grazing on Forest Ecosystems
When livestock graze too heavily in woodland, seedlings are eaten, soil is compacted and forests stop renewing. See how it happens, and what helps.
The Effects of Over-Timbering on Forest Ecosystems
Heavy commercial timber removal can strip a forest of structure, disrupt regeneration and leave it slow to recover. Here is what changes and why recovery takes time.
The Impact of Mining on Forest Ecosystems
Mining in forest areas can bring clearing, roads, waste and water pollution. This guide explains the main impacts, how far they reach, and what reclamation can do.
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